Through Obadiah, God reminded Edom of their poor treatment of His people —14 and promised redemption, not to the Edomites but to the people of Judah — It reminds us of the consequences of living in a self-serving manner, of following through on our own feelings and desires without considering their impact on those around us. Do you struggle to set aside your own wants and desires for those of God and others? View Chuck Swindoll's chart of Obadiah , which divides the book into major sections and highlights themes and key verses.
Who wrote the book? Where are we? Why is Obadiah so important? What's the big idea? Walter L. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck Wheaton, Ill. Obadiah Overview Chart View Chuck Swindoll's chart of Obadiah , which divides the book into major sections and highlights themes and key verses. Obadiah: Strong Warning to the Proud Purchase. The vision of the horsemen Another stream of interpretation sees the stone as having the eyes, thus claiming that the primary purpose of the allusion is the demonstration of the slain Lamb as the mysterious stone that is set before the high priest Joshua and functions as some kind of a sign of the coming Branch and his work.
Furthermore, though the number of the horses is different, Zechariah 1 LXX, Zechariah 6 and Revelation 6 all have horses in four different colours Zechariah 1 MT has only three colours. Contra Beale Revelation, p. Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John London: Macmillan, , p. Though the nations are currently at peace, they will be punished, Yahweh will come, his dwelling place will be built, Jerusalem will be restored and the people will prosper.
The horsemen are thus a preliminary step before Yahweh acts to fulfil various promises of restoration. They also function as messengers or tokens of the fact that God is in control and that the day of reckoning is approaching. These are some of the elements of Zech. As in Zechariah, the horsemen thus signal the imminent restoration of the people of God, who has once again taken the initiative and is calling the audience to make sure that they respond appropriately.
Some see the first rider as Christ or some other positive figure; for different interpretations and their merits, see D. See, e. Had John wished to establish a stronger link with Zech. The extra elements being activated between the two contexts are largely the same as with the previous allusion, the expectation that God will act decisively on behalf of his people perhaps being the uppermost.
Joel 2. A good example of this is Dan. See further Pattemore Apocalypse , especially the discussion on the application of Relevance Theory to the intertextuality in Revelation, pp. Beale, Revelation, pp. Contents which cites Joel 3. Usually the moon is merely darkened along with the sun, and is not giving its light. First of all, the marked text in Joel is part of an extended description of the Day of the Lord,36 apparently well known in the early church. The original admonition in Joel was addressed to believers and, judging by the tone of Revelation 2 and 3, John undoubtedly would have liked many in the seven churches to hear this call as well.
Finally, by alluding to an important text that has already been partly fulfilled Acts 2. At first sight, these allusions help to explain why the one seated on the throne and the Lamb are about to unleash their wrath. In Isaiah 2, the larger context is the judgement M att.
Indeed, as D. See further M. While John is obviously interested in the future of the nations, it must be kept in mind that his prophetic letter is addressed to churches where some people are involved in idolatry and thus in danger of suffering the fate of idolaters when the Day of the Lord arrives. If an allusion to Hosea Do they think there is no reason to fear the Lord or his judgement Do they think that their religious leaders are somehow exempt from wrong influences Do they think that it is acceptable to be involved with pagan shrines and practices If so, they are foolish and will be disciplined Yet they can still avoid the judgement of the idolaters if they repent and seek the Lord Undoubtedly John would like his audience to seriously ponder these issues, lest they be among those who unsuccessfully attempt to hide from the coming wrath.
Joel 1. If John did not intend these allusions to be mere echoes, how might his audience modify their interpretation of Rev. There are various possibilities of how readers familiar with Joel might benefit from actualizing the allusions. First, though the description of the first locust attack in Joel 1 appears to be in the past, the second attack was expected to take place on the Day of the Lord — which is precisely what John has started to narrate after the opening of the seals.
Second, the description of the impending attack in Joel 2 begins with a call to blow a trumpet and is repeated later in the pericope after the exhortation to the people to repent. In Revelation, the locusts likewise follow the blowing of a trumpet. No exhortation to repent is narrated and the reader does not know what effect the locusts will have. Perhaps they will be effective in inducing repentance, as was the case in Joel?
Finally, Joel 2. From this we may deduce that John expects his audience to recognize these particular olive trees and lampstands. Indeed, his comment would remain rather puzzling without any knowledge of Zechariah 4.
What is John trying to communicate by transforming the imagery this way? In fact, Rev. John leaves the obvious See further Jauhiainen, Zechariah, pp. Pace Farrer The Revelation of St. John the Divine [Oxford: Clarendon, ], p. John may have simply wanted to match them with the number of witnesses, two of whom were traditionally required for a testimony to be binding.
As for the identification of the lampstands with the olive trees, since both are equated with the two witnesses, this becomes ultimately a question of why the witnesses are called lampstands. There seem to be at least two reasons for this. First, the lampstands symbolize churches, as the audience has already been told 1. The story of the two prophetic witnesses, then, is a story about the prophetic witness of the church es. After the death and resurrection of Jesus, this mission was understood to be part of the call of the church Acts Bauckham, Climax, pp.
In Revelation the emphasis shifts slightly; the witnesses are on the offensive as they are testifying to the universal lordship of their master before the inhabitants of the earth. Contents The evoking of Zechariah 4 in Rev. Just as the olive trees in Zechariah 4 are necessary for the realization and proper functioning of the coming temple, so the witnesses are crucial in the preparation of the eschatological temple, the New Jerusalem. This is clearly a challenge to some of the lampstands of Revelation 2—3.
Go in, tread, for the wine press is full. According to this view, the [grain] harvest in All agree that Joel 4. Is it another portrayal of judgement or does John have something else in mind? Bauckham, Theology, pp. Bauckham Climax, p. Beale Revelation, pp. While this in itself does not necessarily require that the later image is also positive, it certainly suggests as much. Likewise, all Gospel traditions refer to the coming redemptive harvest of the kingdom of God.
The issue therefore has to do with the primary background: would the audience take their clues from the harvest imagery of I suggest that the context tips the balance in favour of the former.
Rather than finding two different harvests in Joel 4. It seems that there are at least three extra elements between the marker and marked contexts that the reader may activate. In Revelation, the judgement depicted in ch. Third, the means of judgement in Joel is war as opposed to other possible calamities.
This suggests that the beast and those siding with him will suffer a similar fate in the narrative of Revelation as well, despite their apparent initial success. Of course, such Note also the immediately preceding macarism in
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