We explore how social entrepreneurship SE research extends the field of international entrepreneurship IE to affect global sustainable well—being. Well—being is a multidimensional concept that … Expand. Context of Social Entrepreneurship and Background. Social entrepreneurship has been the subject of considerable interest in the literature.
It has become a global phenomenon by addressing the basic needs of humans, which are neglected, and enriching … Expand. The past decade has witnessed a surge of research interest in social entrepreneurship SE.
This has resulted in important insights concerning the role of SE in fostering inclusive growth and … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Journal of Management.
Political Science, Economics. This article critically considers distinctions between, social enterprise and social entrepreneurship from a theoretical perspective. Using case study analysis of 10 non-governmental organisations … Expand. Challenges for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Romania.
Social entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon with various meanings and approaches, its main features being to create social value through social innovation, to satisfy diverse social needs at … Expand.
Examining the Significance and Impact of Social Entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship has garnered a significant amount of attention over the last decade or two. With so much emphasis on economic and financial return, governments and commercial businesses often … Expand. Highly Influenced. For example, nomic value creation Dacin et al.
A social value creation mission does not necessar- Tracey and Jarvis , whereas others document mul- ily negate nor diminish a focus on economic value. In tiple cases in a single study Sharir and Lerner , fact, economic value is crucial for the sustainability of Weerawardena and Mort Most studies that focus social entrepreneurial ventures and the creation of social on multiple cases report their findings about the nature of value.
At one level, the focus on social rather than eco- social entrepreneurs and related motives but do little sys- nomic outcomes fits nicely with an agenda associated tematic case comparison for an exception, see Alvord with the identification and promotion of individuals who et al. Overreliance on a single methodological have succeeded in undertaking significant social change. With few exceptions, there is clearly social value is often closely related to economic out- a lack of large-scale databases and the use of quantita- comes that in turn produce financial resources that the tive data analysis techniques by social entrepreneurship social entrepreneur can use to achieve his or her primary scholars.
We suggest a contextual approach based on the mis- Heroic Characterizations sion of social entrepreneurship focuses the definition of Much of the social entrepreneurship literature focuses this phenomenon on the outcome both positive and neg- on individual social entrepreneurs and tends to charac- ative of the efforts of the social entrepreneur.
This focus terize these individuals as heroic. This research focus on outcomes allows for at least two promising paths presents powerful and inspiring stories of diverse and for social entrepreneurship researchers. First, it encour- highly successful social entrepreneurs Alvord et al.
Individuals identified as social entrepreneurs pro- vide the raw material for rich and powerful narra- Theoretical and Methodological Dilemmas tives that tend to receive funding Martens et al.
One characterization of social entrepreneurship research and get noticed and celebrated. However, heroic is that it portrays a largely stylized picture of what characterizations and a focus on individual success social entrepreneurs actually do.
Both theoretical and stories limit the ability to learn from processes of methodological dilemmas contribute to this characteri- entrepreneurial failure Light In addition, a bias zation. To a large extent, work in social entrepreneur- toward heroic characterizations of individuals ignores ship remains largely descriptive and atheoretical.
Only the social entrepreneurial activities of organizations recently have authors begun to incorporate ideas from NGOs or corporations , collectives sectoral or cross- existing theories and approaches, such as institutional sectoral partnerships e. With tributed nature of social entrepreneurship in teams of respect to institutional theory, Mair and Marti diverse stakeholders, as suggested by Spear Recent studies also examine the role of net- misleading because it confounds issues of ability with works in social entrepreneurial formation and execution issues of motivation and interest.
Although this assump- Haobai et al. With the exception of a study by Shaw and Carter A related assumption is that social entrepreneurs are that uses a large sample of interview data, the largely altruistic in their activities Roberts and Woods literature reviewed consists primarily of case studies , Tan et al.
It also who destroy proactively or inadvertently social goods means counterbalancing purely individual-level analyses through the pursuit of profitability or other objectives.
Mair and Marti suggest future The field of social entrepreneurship is also experiencing directions in the areas of structuration theory, institu- a set of challenges common to many nascent domains tional entrepreneurship, social capital, and social move- in that it is shaped or dominated by only a relatively ments; Short et al.
Among ical ideas that may be relevant to the study of social these actors are a few individuals e. We build on their insights but also Skoll , a few foundations and affiliates e. First, we begin with a call to intermediaries e. Second, we support the use of network them achieve their objectives, and they therefore have theories to understand the context of social entrepreneur- been very effective in shaping the agendas and initiatives ship and push in particular for a greater examination put forth by both social entrepreneurs and researchers.
Third, we argue Local embeddedness Shaw and Carter , Mair for the integration of cultural approaches to the study and Marti also appears to be a driving assump- of social entrepreneurship, with a specific focus on tion in social entrepreneurship research.
Whereas many how rituals and narratives might support the creation social innovations are created in locally embedded con- of social value in this context. Social entrepreneurs also exist outside of as well largely neglected in the social entrepreneurship litera- as within existing corporations Hemingway Finally, we suggest that cognitive approaches in More recently, Austin and Reficco suggest general, and effectuation theory in particular, also offer the need to acknowledge and sustain corporate social considerable promise for building a stronger theoretical intrapreneurs as integral to the process of corporate basis for social entrepreneurship research.
Some recent work by Kistruck and Beamish The first area of promise involves further extensions heads in this direction by emphasizing the impor- and application of ideas from institutional and social tance of social intrapreneurial efforts within existing movement theories. Although researchers have made organizations. A number of interesting possibili- nition of social entrepreneurship provides the field with ties exist.
We also believe that current theories of orga- neurs, face a variety of competing institutional pres- nization, both micro and macro, are unable to explain sures. Perhaps it is cially challenging in the context of social entrepreneur- reasonable for researchers to look more closely at ship, because it requires these entrepreneurs to draw the literature on institutional entrepreneurship to better from both for-profit and nonprofit institutional logics, understand social entrepreneurship.
Certainly, Mair and which may be in conflict with one another. As a result, Marti suggest that institutional entrepreneurship these individuals have to address issues that face both offers great potential for moving social entrepreneur- for-profit and nonprofit organizations in order to be ship research forward.
However, as cautioned above, a legitimate and in doing so to take into account the inter- focus on heroic individuals leading social change does ests of stakeholders in both fields. This leads to a num- little to help us fully grasp the processes that underlie ber of operational tensions at an organizational level. Although social At the heart of these tensions is the need for social entrepreneurs might resemble institutional entrepreneurs entrepreneurs to simultaneously demonstrate their social in the sense that they need to skilfully engage with and economic competence.
Thus, an interesting line of existing institutions, social entrepreneurship may require inquiry is to examine how social entrepreneurship leads individuals to emphasize, utilize, and mobilize different individuals to better understand and manage institutional sets of resource portfolios Tracey et al.
Research that considers the toolkits or skills remains to be seen whether their motive is actually to needed to operate within and across diverse institutional engage in institutional transformation. Rather, it may be contexts in order to achieve both social and economic that social entrepreneurs are likely to concentrate their outcomes would represent an especially important step efforts more on advocacy and activism.
This is consis- forward. Lounsbury and a variety of social innovations that are not widely known, Strang view social entrepreneurship and its social it is likely that they will face a liability of newness movement qualities as representing broader institutional in their attempts to introduce social change.
Given this patterns or logics that cross cultural categories with liability, legitimacy is likely a critical resource needed respect to profitability and governance.
Social move- for the success of these social ventures Dart In ment approaches could provide an especially power- light of our discussion above about social entrepreneurs ful set of conceptual tools for considering how social needing to draw from differing institutional logics that entrepreneurship challenges and dismantles institutions. More specifically, by leads individuals to make trade-offs between different bridging institutional and social movement approaches, forms of legitimacy as they build their ventures.
Specif- ically, it would be interesting to examine whether social scholars may be able to generate robust insights into entrepreneurship presents higher legitimacy hurdles than the processes of resistance, change, deinstitutionaliza- conventional entrepreneurship, given the need to demon- tion, and institutional obsolescence. Clearly, the caveat strate both financial and social worthiness. Moreover, outlined above concerning the need to guard against we do not have a good understanding of which forms a preoccupation with heroic individuals also applies to of legitimacy are required during different phases of the researchers seeking to combine social movement and social entrepreneurial process, nor do we know much institutional theories.
One of the first cities he targeted emerged from these activities. Each year, the Skoll was Los Angeles, where he faced fierce resistance from World Forum celebrates social entrepreneurs from all another social entrepreneur—Jennafer Waggoner—who over the world.
Social entrepreneurs attend the forum founded a local street newspaper in the city some years and share their stories, and in doing so they meet other previously. Waggoner was able to leverage her social like-minded people engaged in social entrepreneurial network, local embeddedness, and legitimacy as an ex- work.
It might be interesting to assess the ways in which homeless person to lead a vociferous campaign against social entrepreneurs build and leverage these networks the Big Issue. She successfully drew parallels between to carry out their work.
The Big Issue was forced to with- indeed locally embedded, membership in broader virtual draw from Los Angeles and incurred significant losses networks allows social entrepreneurs to share their ideas in the process. This raises important questions about and build community and allows for the rapid diffusion approaches to conflict resolution over resources or com- of their stories across geographies. As a starting point, peting objectives within social entrepreneurial networks.
Such questions are likely and Saparito , Greve and Salaff Systematic to become increasingly relevant as ever more social analysis of such networks within and across the scope entrepreneurs seek to grow their ventures and expand to of each of these foundations and field-configuring events new locations.
A cultural approach to social entrepreneurship consti- Another interesting opportunity that emerges through tutes a third intriguing opportunity for theory devel- a consideration of social entrepreneurship from a net- opment. In particular, our observations of social work perspective has to do with the scalability of social entrepreneurial activity suggest the central importance of entrepreneurial ventures.
It would be interesting to know cultural phenomena such as ritual and narrative for the why some social innovations diffuse widely whereas conveyance of social meaning and the creation of social others seem to remain more locally embedded, and value.
We briefly consider each of these in turn. A focus on networks also entrepreneurship. Rites of enhancement, and, more draws attention to the role of power, politics, and dom- specifically, public ceremonies designed to enhance the inance, which are largely absent from existing analy- status and identities of social entrepreneurs Trice and sis of social entrepreneurship. For example, Nicholls Beyer , are especially prominent. However, they also appear to serve a enhance their standing or position Bourdieu The Big Issue—a street expenditure and to detail the social outcomes to be newspaper sold by the homeless and designed to allow achieved in the face of very high levels of uncer- them to earn a wage—provides an interesting exam- tainty.
The practice of measuring social value through ple of the tensions that can emerge when a social ven- social accounting is another prominent ritual in this con- ture seeks to achieve scale. Accordingly, by integrating social identity potential to illuminate the process underlying the social- theories from social psychology Bargh and Chartrand ization of actors into particular socially oriented val- ; Fiske and Taylor ; Gilbert ; Tajfel , ues and norms through exposure to stylized behavior ; Tajfel and Turner and brand-related theo- and invented culture material.
Given that ritual stud- ries from marketing Keller , a number of new and ies remains surprisingly marginal to organization science interesting research directions emerge. Kunda , studying the role of ritual in social value One interesting direction is the manner in which creation provides an interesting opportunity to enrich individuals come to identify themselves as social theories of organization. Social stitute a prominent feature of the academic literature on identity theories can be very useful in providing the field social entrepreneurship.
These stories also form the basis of social entrepreneurship with insights into the pro- of media accounts of social entrepreneurship. Indeed, a cess of identity formation. Through their telling and retelling, viduals already engaged in social entrepreneurial work these sagas appear to perpetuate and codify a particular have only recently come to learn that they are called set of beliefs about the nature of social entrepreneur- social entrepreneurs.
Foundations celebrate these suc- ation of social value. An interesting feature of these cessful social entrepreneurs, who become heralded as narratives is that they appear to resonate with a very archetypal examples of this form of entrepreneurship diverse group of actors.
Thus, whereas research on cor- to a broader public. This suggests that the creation of social value resources become more readily available.
And so the may require distinct types of narratives that resonate with cycle continues. An initial story of success leads to dis- basic notions of equity and social justice. Research on covery, which then leads to association with the social social entrepreneurship narratives might therefore shed entrepreneur identity and community.
In turn, this asso- light both on the process of social value creation and on ciation begets better-crafted stories and a stronger influ- the extant academic work on narrative and storytelling. The successfully ordained social entrepreneur capacities required to evaluate a social entrepreneurial then becomes central to perpetuating the broadly held opportunity differ from those required for a commercial myths inherent in the social entrepreneurship discourse.
From a social identity perspective, it would types of entrepreneurship. For example, the dominant narratives of the field. It would be interesting to compare the heuris- narratives and the consumption of these narratives and tics used in a social entrepreneurship context with those related discourse in the pursuit of the creation of social used in other entrepreneurial contexts or, more gener- value.
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Institutional complexity and social entrepreneurship: A fuzzy-set approach. Paradox and Challenges in Military Leadership. Social Entrepreneurship in Communities. If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form.
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